door Die andere Timo » 20 jul 2004, 19:13
J86 schreef:in een geschiedenis boek (MeMo) staat dat Roosevelt werd uitgemaakt door sommigen voor een revolutionair en een communist. Vanwege zijn beleid, de VS was toen nog niet zo conservatief. Dus politieke redenen had hij ook niet
Waar haal je de conclusie vandaan dat Roosevelt geen politieke redenene had? Wellicht een eerdere respons nogeens herhalen...
J86 schreef:De VS had geen/weinig belangen om zich te gaan bemoeien met de oorlog.
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lect ... ure21.html
Conservatives continued to attack Roosevelt and his New Deal, but American involvement in World War II helped assuage many of the nation's social ills, especially the devastating economic problems of the Great Depression.
- America now enjoyed full employment and a higher overall standard of living.
- Labor unions became more powerful and their membership grew from 10 million before the war to 15 million after the war.
- Farm incomes reached new heights, while the number of tenant farmers fell. Former farm workers took jobs in urban factories.
- Wartime investment seemed to validate Keynesian economics.
Now that we've given a general overview of the domestic situation during World War II, let's examine nine specific effects of United States involvement in the conflict.
1. Liberals and reformers gave priority to military spending over social and economic reform.
Congress rolled back reform legislation during wartime. Many factories instigated a longer working day to boost industrial output. The federal government made anti-trust legislation a low priority. In order to combat the labor shortage, federal inspectors ignored laws regulating the employment of children and women. With very little public outcry, the number of high school dropouts increased significantly. During the war, the teenage workforce grew from 1 million to 3 million. About 1 million of these new workers had dropped out of high school.
Furthermore, few Americans challenged the internment of Japanese-Americans. In February 1942, the United States government forced the relocation of all Japanese-Americans from the West Coast, a region that Roosevelt and other American political and military leaders considered vulnerable. The government established ten internment camps in Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, which held a total of 100,000 persons of Japanese ancestry, many of whom were United States citizens. After his reelection in 1944, Roosevelt canceled the evacuation order and the government closed the camps.
2. Provided an excuse to abolish segments of the New Deal.
Conservative politicians had fought against these agencies for years, but now that FDR was focusing on winning a war instead of reforming society, they could slash funding for the CCC, WPA, and National Youth Administration (NYA). Congress had always intended these programs to help those Americans who suffered job discrimination, even during favorable economic conditions, so their demise was especially hard on African-Americans, women, and the elderly.
3. Rise in federal deficit.
As military costs escalated, so did the federal deficit. At the same time, social expenditures plummeted. Senate liberals, for example, introduced legislation to broaden the coverage of Social Security and another bill to provide comprehensive national health care. Congress, however, often ignored such measures in favor of military investment.
4. Put the poor "back in their place."
With the elimination of many New Deal programs, poverty increased, even with rising wages, for many Americans. One committee reported that 20 million Americans were on the border of subsistence and starvation. 25% of all employed Americans earned less than 64 cents an hour, while skilled workers often earned $7 or $8 an hour.
5. Changes in composition of federal bureaucracy.
As the federal government continued to cut funding for social programs, many idealists in Roosevelt's "brain trust" became disillusioned and left their posts in droves. Business executives with good managerial skills, but little interest in social reform, quickly filled this political vacuum in Roosevelt's administration. The magazine Business Week reported cheerfully:
"The war has placed a premium on business talents rather than on 'brain-trusters' and theoreticians. Businessmen are moving up in the New Deal Administration and are replacing the New Dealers as they go."
6. Increase in the reach and power of the federal government and the presidency.
From 1940 to 1945, the number of civilian employees working for the federal government rose from 1 million to nearly 4 million (see graphic). At the same time, Washington's expenditures grew from $9 billion to $98.4 billion. The war also accelerated the growth of executive power. At war's end, the President and his advisors, more than Congress, seemed to drive the nation's domestic and foreign agenda. Furthermore, the Supreme Court refused to hear cases that challenged this increase in executive authority.
7. The "Military-Industrial Complex."
Although the phrase itself didn't come into use until years later, the phenomenon of the "military-industrial complex" had its roots in World War II. A systematic relationship arose between big business and the military's expenditures on defense. During the war, the average daily expenditure on military contracts was $250 million, which inflated American industrial capacity. Small companies disappeared as two-thirds of government contracts went to the hundred largest corporations.
8. Further solidification of the "Corporate State."
World War II also helped to solidify the strength of organized labor and to cement the intimate relationship between big business and big government so that all three groups exercised power to shore up the corporate state. Although that nation's farm population declined 17% between 1940 and 1945, better weather, improved fertilizers, the adoption of modern farm machinery, and the consolidation of small farms into large agri-businesses actually increased agricultural production in the United State.
9. A more urban and technological society.
The federal government expanded its role in research and development in a wide variety of projects, from the manufacture of artificial rubber to the construction of the atomic bomb. The nation also became more urbanized, as the six largest cities got two million new inhabitants and 15 million Americans moved from rural areas to the cities.
[quote="J86"]in een geschiedenis boek (MeMo) staat dat Roosevelt werd uitgemaakt door sommigen voor een revolutionair en een communist. Vanwege zijn beleid, de VS was toen nog niet zo conservatief. Dus politieke redenen had hij ook niet[/quote]
Waar haal je de conclusie vandaan dat Roosevelt geen politieke redenene had? Wellicht een eerdere respons nogeens herhalen...
[quote="J86"]De VS had geen/weinig belangen om zich te gaan bemoeien met de oorlog.[/quote]
http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture21.html
[quote]Conservatives continued to attack Roosevelt and his New Deal, [u]but American involvement in World War II helped assuage many of the nation's social ills[/u], especially the devastating economic problems of the Great Depression.
- America now enjoyed full employment and a higher overall standard of living.
- Labor unions became more powerful and their membership grew from 10 million before the war to 15 million after the war.
- Farm incomes reached new heights, while the number of tenant farmers fell. Former farm workers took jobs in urban factories.
- Wartime investment seemed to validate Keynesian economics.[/quote]
[quote] Now that we've given a general overview of the domestic situation during World War II, [b]let's examine nine specific effects of United States involvement in the conflict.[/b]
1. Liberals and reformers gave priority to military spending over social and economic reform.
Congress rolled back reform legislation during wartime. Many factories instigated a longer working day to boost industrial output. The federal government made anti-trust legislation a low priority. In order to combat the labor shortage, federal inspectors ignored laws regulating the employment of children and women. With very little public outcry, the number of high school dropouts increased significantly. During the war, the teenage workforce grew from 1 million to 3 million. About 1 million of these new workers had dropped out of high school.
Furthermore, few Americans challenged the internment of Japanese-Americans. In February 1942, the United States government forced the relocation of all Japanese-Americans from the West Coast, a region that Roosevelt and other American political and military leaders considered vulnerable. The government established ten internment camps in Arkansas, Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, which held a total of 100,000 persons of Japanese ancestry, many of whom were United States citizens. After his reelection in 1944, Roosevelt canceled the evacuation order and the government closed the camps.
2. Provided an excuse to abolish segments of the New Deal.
Conservative politicians had fought against these agencies for years, but now that FDR was focusing on winning a war instead of reforming society, they could slash funding for the CCC, WPA, and National Youth Administration (NYA). Congress had always intended these programs to help those Americans who suffered job discrimination, even during favorable economic conditions, so their demise was especially hard on African-Americans, women, and the elderly.
3. Rise in federal deficit.
As military costs escalated, so did the federal deficit. At the same time, social expenditures plummeted. Senate liberals, for example, introduced legislation to broaden the coverage of Social Security and another bill to provide comprehensive national health care. Congress, however, often ignored such measures in favor of military investment.
4. Put the poor "back in their place."
With the elimination of many New Deal programs, poverty increased, even with rising wages, for many Americans. One committee reported that 20 million Americans were on the border of subsistence and starvation. 25% of all employed Americans earned less than 64 cents an hour, while skilled workers often earned $7 or $8 an hour.
5. Changes in composition of federal bureaucracy.
As the federal government continued to cut funding for social programs, many idealists in Roosevelt's "brain trust" became disillusioned and left their posts in droves. Business executives with good managerial skills, but little interest in social reform, quickly filled this political vacuum in Roosevelt's administration. The magazine Business Week reported cheerfully:
"The war has placed a premium on business talents rather than on 'brain-trusters' and theoreticians. Businessmen are moving up in the New Deal Administration and are replacing the New Dealers as they go."
6. Increase in the reach and power of the federal government and the presidency.
From 1940 to 1945, the number of civilian employees working for the federal government rose from 1 million to nearly 4 million (see graphic). At the same time, Washington's expenditures grew from $9 billion to $98.4 billion. The war also accelerated the growth of executive power. At war's end, the President and his advisors, more than Congress, seemed to drive the nation's domestic and foreign agenda. Furthermore, the Supreme Court refused to hear cases that challenged this increase in executive authority.
7. The "Military-Industrial Complex."
Although the phrase itself didn't come into use until years later, the phenomenon of the "military-industrial complex" had its roots in World War II. A systematic relationship arose between big business and the military's expenditures on defense. During the war, the average daily expenditure on military contracts was $250 million, which inflated American industrial capacity. Small companies disappeared as two-thirds of government contracts went to the hundred largest corporations.
8. Further solidification of the "Corporate State."
World War II also helped to solidify the strength of organized labor and to cement the intimate relationship between big business and big government so that all three groups exercised power to shore up the corporate state. Although that nation's farm population declined 17% between 1940 and 1945, better weather, improved fertilizers, the adoption of modern farm machinery, and the consolidation of small farms into large agri-businesses actually increased agricultural production in the United State.
9. A more urban and technological society.
The federal government expanded its role in research and development in a wide variety of projects, from the manufacture of artificial rubber to the construction of the atomic bomb. The nation also became more urbanized, as the six largest cities got two million new inhabitants and 15 million Americans moved from rural areas to the cities.[/quote]