Niet alleen in West-Europa, in de VS was dat ook een 'plaag'. Daar werden ook 'schijn'processen gehouden.Ioannis schreef:Vergeet niet de heksenjacht op communisten in West Europa, dat was ook een belangrijk element in de Koude Oorlog.
Wat is de Koude Oorlog eigenlijk zo'n beetje ?
- Narcolepticus
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Hallo,
ik moet een werk maken over Argentinië in de koude oorlog. Helaas is hier zeer weinig over te vinden.
Twwe vragen die ik zeker moet beantwoorden zijn:
1.welke vorm nam de koude oorlog aan in de periferie, in dit regionaal conflict?
2. Hoe konden beide protagonisten voorkomen, alhoewel zij in dat regionaal conflict werden meegezogen, dat zij rechtstreeks en openlijk met elkaar op de vuist gingen?
Helaas vind ik hier geen antwoorden op. Zijn er misschien mensen onder jullie die hier wat meer over weten of een interessante site kennen?
Alvast bedankt.
senna
ik moet een werk maken over Argentinië in de koude oorlog. Helaas is hier zeer weinig over te vinden.
Twwe vragen die ik zeker moet beantwoorden zijn:
1.welke vorm nam de koude oorlog aan in de periferie, in dit regionaal conflict?
2. Hoe konden beide protagonisten voorkomen, alhoewel zij in dat regionaal conflict werden meegezogen, dat zij rechtstreeks en openlijk met elkaar op de vuist gingen?
Helaas vind ik hier geen antwoorden op. Zijn er misschien mensen onder jullie die hier wat meer over weten of een interessante site kennen?
Alvast bedankt.
senna
- Arjen
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Ik heb geen enkel idee.
Iemand?
Iemand?
Meester Zhuang's repliek op de vraag om minister te worden:
"Scheer je weg! Ik geef er de voorkeur aan om in mijn modderpoel te blijven spelen, in plaats van me door een potentaat in het gareel te laten slaan! Nooit van mijn leven zal ik een ambt aanvaarden, Maar altijd fijn blijven doen waar ik zin in heb."
http://odeon.xs4all.nl/
"Scheer je weg! Ik geef er de voorkeur aan om in mijn modderpoel te blijven spelen, in plaats van me door een potentaat in het gareel te laten slaan! Nooit van mijn leven zal ik een ambt aanvaarden, Maar altijd fijn blijven doen waar ik zin in heb."
http://odeon.xs4all.nl/
- MT
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Argentinie is niet het makkelijkste onderwerp nee...
Ik heb eens wat gezocht op wat sites en ik heb dit gevonden:
het is wel heel incompleet, maar ik hoop dat je er wat mee kan.
The Early Twentieth Century
The second administration of Roca (1898–1904) was marked by recovery from the crises of the intervening years; a serious boundary dispute with Chile was settled (1902), and perpetual peace between the two nations was symbolized in the Christ of the Andes. Even before World War I, in which Argentina maintained neutrality, the wealthy nation had begun to act as an advocate for the rights and interests of Latin America as a whole, notably through Carlos Calvo, Luis M. Drago, and later Carlos Saavedra Lamas.
Internal problems, however, remained vexing. Electoral reforms introduced by Roque Sáenz Peña (1910–14) led to the victory of the Radical party under Hipólito Irigoyen (1916–22). He introduced social legislation, but when, after the presidency of Marcelo T. de Alvear, Irigoyen returned to power in 1928, his policies aroused much dissatisfaction even in his own party. In 1930 he was ousted by Gen. José F. Uriburu, and the conservative oligarchy—now with Fascist leanings—was again in power.
The administration (1932–38) of Agustín P. Justo was opposed by revolutionary movements, and a coalition of liberals and conservatives won an election victory. Radical leader Roberto M. Ortiz became president (1938), but serious illness caused him to resign (1942), and the conservative Ramón S. Castillo succeeded him. In 1943, Castillo was overthrown by a military coup. After two provisional presidents a “palace revolt” in 1944 brought to power a group of army colonels, chief among them Juan Perón. After four years of pro-Axis “neutrality,” Argentina belatedly (Mar., 1945) entered World War II on the side of the Allies and became a member of the United Nations. A return to liberal government momentarily seemed probable, but Perón was overwhelmingly victorious in the election of Feb., 1946.
Perón, an admirer of Mussolini, established a type of popular dictatorship new to Latin America, based initially on support from the army, reactionaries, nationalists, and some clerical groups. His regime was marked by curtailment of freedom of speech, confiscation of liberal newspapers such as La Prensa, imprisonment of political opponents, and transition to a one-party state. His second wife, the popular Eva Duarte de Perón, helped him gain the support of the trade unions, thereafter the main foundation of Perón's political power. In 1949 the constitution of 1853 was replaced by one that permitted Perón to succeed himself as president; the Peronista political party was established the same year.
To cure Argentina's serious economic ills, Perón inaugurated a program of industrial development—which advanced rapidly in the 1940s and early 50s, although hampered by the lack of power resources and machine tools—supplemented by social welfare programs. Perón also placed the sale and export of wheat and beef under government control, thus undermining the political and economic power of the rural oligarchs. In the early 1950s, with recurring economic problems and with the death (1952) of his wife, Perón's popular support began to diminish. Agricultural production, long the chief source of revenue, dropped sharply and the economy faltered. The Roman Catholic church, alienated by the reversal of close church-state relations, excommunicated Perón and, finally, the armed forces became disillusioned with him. In 1955, Perón was ousted by a military coup, and the interim military government of Gen. Pedro Aramburu attempted to rid the country of Justicialismo (Peronism). Perón fled to Paraguay and in 1960 went into exile in Spain.
Argentina During the Exile of Perón
In 1957, Argentina reverted to the constitution of 1853 as modified up to 1898. In 1958, Dr. Arturo Frondizi was elected president. Faced with the economic and fiscal crisis inherited from Perón, Frondizi, with U.S. advice and the promise of financial aid, initiated a program of austerity to “stabilize” the economy and check inflation. Leftists, as well as Peronistas, who still commanded strong popular support, criticized the plan because the burden lay most heavily on the working and lower middle classes.
Frondizi later fell into disfavor with the military because of his leniency toward the regime of Fidel Castro in Cuba and toward Peronistas at home, who, in the congressional elections of 1962, scored a resounding victory. Frondizi was arrested and José María Guido assumed the presidency, but the military was in control. The Peronista and Communist parties were banned before presidential elections were held in 1963. Following the election of the moderate liberal Dr. Arturo Illia, many political prisoners were released and relative political stability returned. The new president was faced, however, with serious economic depression and with the difficult problem of reintegrating the Peronist forces into Argentine political life.
In 1964 an attempt by Perón to return from Spain and lead his followers was thwarted when he was turned back at Rio de Janeiro by Brazilian authorities. The Peronists, however, remained the strongest political force in the country; unwilling to tolerate another resurgence of Peronism, a junta of military leaders, supported by business interests, seized power (1966) and placed Gen. Juan Carlos Onganía, a long-time right-wing opponent of Illía, in the presidency. Under Onganía, the new government dissolved the legislature, banned all political parties, and exercised unofficial press censorship; Onganía also placed the national universities under government control.
Widespread opposition to the rigid rule of the Onganía regime grew, and the military deposed him (1970), naming Gen. Roberto M. Levingston president. Economic problems and increased terrorist activities caused Gen. Alejandro Lanusse, the leader of the coup against Onganía, to dismiss (1971) Levingston and initiate an active program for economic growth, distribution of wealth, and political stability. His direct negotiations with Juan Perón and his call for national elections and a civilian government led to the return of Perón to Argentina in 1972.
The Late Twentieth Century
After failing to achieve unity among the various Peronist groups, Perón declined the nomination from his supporters to run for president in the Mar., 1973, elections, which were won by Dr. Hector Cámpora, the Peronist candidate, who subsequently resigned from office to make way for Perón's return. When new elections were held in Sept., 1973, Perón was elected president and his third wife, Isabel Martínez Perón, vice president. Perón died in July, 1974, and was succeeded by his widow. Her government faced economic troubles, labor unrest, political violence, and deep divisions within the Peronista party.
In 1976, Isabel Perón was deposed by a military junta under the leadership of Jorge Rafael Videla, who served as president until 1981. The government suspended political and trade union activity, dissolved the congress, made alterations to the constitution, and removed most government officals. During the military rule thousands of citizens suspected of undermining the government disappeared in what became known as the “dirty war.” In 1981 Argentina petitioned the United Nations for possession of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), which had been occupied and claimed by the British since 1832. Tensions escalated until, on Apr. 2, 1982, Argentina, now under the rule of Lt.-Gen. Leopoldo Galtieri, invaded and occupied the islands. British forces responded quickly, forcing a surrender by Argentine forces within 6 weeks. The Argentine defeat led to Galtieri's resignation and to the end of military rule.
In 1983, Raúl Alfonsín won the presidency, but persistent economic problems plagued his tenure in office. Carlos Saúl Menem was elected president in 1988, bringing the Peronist Justicialist party back into power. A reform-minded leader, he stimulated economic growth and subdued hyperinflation in the early 1990s by instituting a major program of privatization, encouraging foreign investment, and tying the Argentine peso to the U.S. dollar. Constitutional amendments approved in 1994 placed curbs on presidential power and increased opposition power in the senate, while clearing the way for Menem to seek a second successive term as president. He was reelected in 1995. The Justicialists lost legislative elections to the opposition Alianza coalition in 1997, as the country struggled with recession and continuing high unemployment. Argentina's relations with Paraguay soured in 1999 when Menem's government sheltered Paraguayan Gen. Lino Oviedo for eight months; Oviedo was wanted for the murder of Paraguay's vice president.
In Oct., 1999, Fernando de la Rúa Bruno of Alianza was elected president, soundly defeating the Peronist candidate. De la Rúa's victory was in part a rejection of Menem's perceived flamboyance and tolerance of corruption during his last term. The new president moved quickly to institute austerity measures and reforms to improve the economy; taxes were increased to reduce the deficit, the government bureaucracy was trimmed, and legal restrictions on union negotiations were eased. De la Rúa also purged (2000) the army and state intelligence agency of the last suspected participants in the “dirty war” of the 1970s and 80s.
By late 2000, however, de la Rúa's presidency was under siege on two fronts. Several senators, mainly from the Justicialist party, were accused of taking bribes to vote for the government's labor-code revisions, and two cabinet members were also implicated. When the cabinet members were retained after a reorganization, Vice President Carlos Álvarez resigned in protest. The Argentine economy had slipped into recession in late 1999, and Argentina was forced in to seek help from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and private banks to reduce its debt. In Dec., 2000, an aid package of nearly $40 billion was arranged, and the government announced a $20 billion public works program that was designed to help revive the economy.
Further economic measures designed to revived the ailing economy were adopted in 2001, including the pegging of the peso for imports and exports to the average value of the dollar and the euro combined, additional government austerity measures, and additional billions in IMF aid. The economy remained in recession, however, aggravating the problems posed by the debt and by the restrictions that the IMF imposed in return for aid, and unemployment rose to around 20% at the end of 2001. In legislative elections in Oct., 2001, the opposition Justicialist party became the largest party in both houses of the national congress. In November the government began restructuring the debt, putting it essentially in default. Ongoing economic problems led to a crisis of confidence as depositors began a run on the banks, resulting in limits on withdrawals (largely lifted a year later), and the IMF took a hard line, insisting on a 10% cut in the budget before making further payments.
Nationwide food riots and demonstrations erupted in late December, leading the president to resign. A series of interim presidents and renewed demonstrations ended with the appointment of Justicialist senator Eduardo Alberto Duhalde as president in Jan., 2002. Duhalde, who had been a free-spending provincial governor and the Peronists' 1999 presidential candidate, devalued the peso, which lost more than two thirds of its value. The depressed economy, meanwhile, remained in disarray until early 2003, when it showed some signs of slow improvement.
Néstor Carlos Kirchner, the governor of Santa Cruz prov. in Patagonia, won the spring 2003 presidential race when former president Menem withdrew from the runoff election; polls indicated that Kirchner would win by a landslide. Congress subsequently repealed two amnesty laws, passed in the 1980s, that had protected military officers accused of human rights offenses. Kirchner won favorable terms from from the IMF in Sept., 2003, refusing to make concessions in exchange for refinancing Argentina's debt. Kirchner's government continued into 2004 its policy of aggressively seeking more favorable terms, but was not successful in negotiating new terms for repaying private creditors. The economy grew strongly in 2003 and 2004, reducing the unemployment rate to about 13%, but the effects of the 2001–2 economic collapse continued to hurt many Argentinians.
Ik heb eens wat gezocht op wat sites en ik heb dit gevonden:
het is wel heel incompleet, maar ik hoop dat je er wat mee kan.
The Early Twentieth Century
The second administration of Roca (1898–1904) was marked by recovery from the crises of the intervening years; a serious boundary dispute with Chile was settled (1902), and perpetual peace between the two nations was symbolized in the Christ of the Andes. Even before World War I, in which Argentina maintained neutrality, the wealthy nation had begun to act as an advocate for the rights and interests of Latin America as a whole, notably through Carlos Calvo, Luis M. Drago, and later Carlos Saavedra Lamas.
Internal problems, however, remained vexing. Electoral reforms introduced by Roque Sáenz Peña (1910–14) led to the victory of the Radical party under Hipólito Irigoyen (1916–22). He introduced social legislation, but when, after the presidency of Marcelo T. de Alvear, Irigoyen returned to power in 1928, his policies aroused much dissatisfaction even in his own party. In 1930 he was ousted by Gen. José F. Uriburu, and the conservative oligarchy—now with Fascist leanings—was again in power.
The administration (1932–38) of Agustín P. Justo was opposed by revolutionary movements, and a coalition of liberals and conservatives won an election victory. Radical leader Roberto M. Ortiz became president (1938), but serious illness caused him to resign (1942), and the conservative Ramón S. Castillo succeeded him. In 1943, Castillo was overthrown by a military coup. After two provisional presidents a “palace revolt” in 1944 brought to power a group of army colonels, chief among them Juan Perón. After four years of pro-Axis “neutrality,” Argentina belatedly (Mar., 1945) entered World War II on the side of the Allies and became a member of the United Nations. A return to liberal government momentarily seemed probable, but Perón was overwhelmingly victorious in the election of Feb., 1946.
Perón, an admirer of Mussolini, established a type of popular dictatorship new to Latin America, based initially on support from the army, reactionaries, nationalists, and some clerical groups. His regime was marked by curtailment of freedom of speech, confiscation of liberal newspapers such as La Prensa, imprisonment of political opponents, and transition to a one-party state. His second wife, the popular Eva Duarte de Perón, helped him gain the support of the trade unions, thereafter the main foundation of Perón's political power. In 1949 the constitution of 1853 was replaced by one that permitted Perón to succeed himself as president; the Peronista political party was established the same year.
To cure Argentina's serious economic ills, Perón inaugurated a program of industrial development—which advanced rapidly in the 1940s and early 50s, although hampered by the lack of power resources and machine tools—supplemented by social welfare programs. Perón also placed the sale and export of wheat and beef under government control, thus undermining the political and economic power of the rural oligarchs. In the early 1950s, with recurring economic problems and with the death (1952) of his wife, Perón's popular support began to diminish. Agricultural production, long the chief source of revenue, dropped sharply and the economy faltered. The Roman Catholic church, alienated by the reversal of close church-state relations, excommunicated Perón and, finally, the armed forces became disillusioned with him. In 1955, Perón was ousted by a military coup, and the interim military government of Gen. Pedro Aramburu attempted to rid the country of Justicialismo (Peronism). Perón fled to Paraguay and in 1960 went into exile in Spain.
Argentina During the Exile of Perón
In 1957, Argentina reverted to the constitution of 1853 as modified up to 1898. In 1958, Dr. Arturo Frondizi was elected president. Faced with the economic and fiscal crisis inherited from Perón, Frondizi, with U.S. advice and the promise of financial aid, initiated a program of austerity to “stabilize” the economy and check inflation. Leftists, as well as Peronistas, who still commanded strong popular support, criticized the plan because the burden lay most heavily on the working and lower middle classes.
Frondizi later fell into disfavor with the military because of his leniency toward the regime of Fidel Castro in Cuba and toward Peronistas at home, who, in the congressional elections of 1962, scored a resounding victory. Frondizi was arrested and José María Guido assumed the presidency, but the military was in control. The Peronista and Communist parties were banned before presidential elections were held in 1963. Following the election of the moderate liberal Dr. Arturo Illia, many political prisoners were released and relative political stability returned. The new president was faced, however, with serious economic depression and with the difficult problem of reintegrating the Peronist forces into Argentine political life.
In 1964 an attempt by Perón to return from Spain and lead his followers was thwarted when he was turned back at Rio de Janeiro by Brazilian authorities. The Peronists, however, remained the strongest political force in the country; unwilling to tolerate another resurgence of Peronism, a junta of military leaders, supported by business interests, seized power (1966) and placed Gen. Juan Carlos Onganía, a long-time right-wing opponent of Illía, in the presidency. Under Onganía, the new government dissolved the legislature, banned all political parties, and exercised unofficial press censorship; Onganía also placed the national universities under government control.
Widespread opposition to the rigid rule of the Onganía regime grew, and the military deposed him (1970), naming Gen. Roberto M. Levingston president. Economic problems and increased terrorist activities caused Gen. Alejandro Lanusse, the leader of the coup against Onganía, to dismiss (1971) Levingston and initiate an active program for economic growth, distribution of wealth, and political stability. His direct negotiations with Juan Perón and his call for national elections and a civilian government led to the return of Perón to Argentina in 1972.
The Late Twentieth Century
After failing to achieve unity among the various Peronist groups, Perón declined the nomination from his supporters to run for president in the Mar., 1973, elections, which were won by Dr. Hector Cámpora, the Peronist candidate, who subsequently resigned from office to make way for Perón's return. When new elections were held in Sept., 1973, Perón was elected president and his third wife, Isabel Martínez Perón, vice president. Perón died in July, 1974, and was succeeded by his widow. Her government faced economic troubles, labor unrest, political violence, and deep divisions within the Peronista party.
In 1976, Isabel Perón was deposed by a military junta under the leadership of Jorge Rafael Videla, who served as president until 1981. The government suspended political and trade union activity, dissolved the congress, made alterations to the constitution, and removed most government officals. During the military rule thousands of citizens suspected of undermining the government disappeared in what became known as the “dirty war.” In 1981 Argentina petitioned the United Nations for possession of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), which had been occupied and claimed by the British since 1832. Tensions escalated until, on Apr. 2, 1982, Argentina, now under the rule of Lt.-Gen. Leopoldo Galtieri, invaded and occupied the islands. British forces responded quickly, forcing a surrender by Argentine forces within 6 weeks. The Argentine defeat led to Galtieri's resignation and to the end of military rule.
In 1983, Raúl Alfonsín won the presidency, but persistent economic problems plagued his tenure in office. Carlos Saúl Menem was elected president in 1988, bringing the Peronist Justicialist party back into power. A reform-minded leader, he stimulated economic growth and subdued hyperinflation in the early 1990s by instituting a major program of privatization, encouraging foreign investment, and tying the Argentine peso to the U.S. dollar. Constitutional amendments approved in 1994 placed curbs on presidential power and increased opposition power in the senate, while clearing the way for Menem to seek a second successive term as president. He was reelected in 1995. The Justicialists lost legislative elections to the opposition Alianza coalition in 1997, as the country struggled with recession and continuing high unemployment. Argentina's relations with Paraguay soured in 1999 when Menem's government sheltered Paraguayan Gen. Lino Oviedo for eight months; Oviedo was wanted for the murder of Paraguay's vice president.
In Oct., 1999, Fernando de la Rúa Bruno of Alianza was elected president, soundly defeating the Peronist candidate. De la Rúa's victory was in part a rejection of Menem's perceived flamboyance and tolerance of corruption during his last term. The new president moved quickly to institute austerity measures and reforms to improve the economy; taxes were increased to reduce the deficit, the government bureaucracy was trimmed, and legal restrictions on union negotiations were eased. De la Rúa also purged (2000) the army and state intelligence agency of the last suspected participants in the “dirty war” of the 1970s and 80s.
By late 2000, however, de la Rúa's presidency was under siege on two fronts. Several senators, mainly from the Justicialist party, were accused of taking bribes to vote for the government's labor-code revisions, and two cabinet members were also implicated. When the cabinet members were retained after a reorganization, Vice President Carlos Álvarez resigned in protest. The Argentine economy had slipped into recession in late 1999, and Argentina was forced in to seek help from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and private banks to reduce its debt. In Dec., 2000, an aid package of nearly $40 billion was arranged, and the government announced a $20 billion public works program that was designed to help revive the economy.
Further economic measures designed to revived the ailing economy were adopted in 2001, including the pegging of the peso for imports and exports to the average value of the dollar and the euro combined, additional government austerity measures, and additional billions in IMF aid. The economy remained in recession, however, aggravating the problems posed by the debt and by the restrictions that the IMF imposed in return for aid, and unemployment rose to around 20% at the end of 2001. In legislative elections in Oct., 2001, the opposition Justicialist party became the largest party in both houses of the national congress. In November the government began restructuring the debt, putting it essentially in default. Ongoing economic problems led to a crisis of confidence as depositors began a run on the banks, resulting in limits on withdrawals (largely lifted a year later), and the IMF took a hard line, insisting on a 10% cut in the budget before making further payments.
Nationwide food riots and demonstrations erupted in late December, leading the president to resign. A series of interim presidents and renewed demonstrations ended with the appointment of Justicialist senator Eduardo Alberto Duhalde as president in Jan., 2002. Duhalde, who had been a free-spending provincial governor and the Peronists' 1999 presidential candidate, devalued the peso, which lost more than two thirds of its value. The depressed economy, meanwhile, remained in disarray until early 2003, when it showed some signs of slow improvement.
Néstor Carlos Kirchner, the governor of Santa Cruz prov. in Patagonia, won the spring 2003 presidential race when former president Menem withdrew from the runoff election; polls indicated that Kirchner would win by a landslide. Congress subsequently repealed two amnesty laws, passed in the 1980s, that had protected military officers accused of human rights offenses. Kirchner won favorable terms from from the IMF in Sept., 2003, refusing to make concessions in exchange for refinancing Argentina's debt. Kirchner's government continued into 2004 its policy of aggressively seeking more favorable terms, but was not successful in negotiating new terms for repaying private creditors. The economy grew strongly in 2003 and 2004, reducing the unemployment rate to about 13%, but the effects of the 2001–2 economic collapse continued to hurt many Argentinians.
Deceive, then attack.
Looking for a good avatar
Looking for a good avatar
- asjemenou
- Moderator & Beste Avatar 2009
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Omwenteling in Oost Europa
Je zat aardig in de goede richting Narcolepticus maar het verloop van de omwenteling in Oost Europa liep iets anders.Narcolepticus schreef:Dat is vrij normaal. Het is allemaal begonnen in Polen 1981 (denk ik) dankzij het krantje, en de vakbond Solidariteit (weet niet hoe het in het Pools is) met Lech Walesya, een lasser die het tot president schopte. en toen kwamen bulgarije, tsjechoslowakijke, de DDR en roemenië (ceaucescu!) mja ik ken er een heel klein beetje van
Eigenlijk begint de koude oorlog al direct na 1945. De landen die toen werden "bevrijd" door de Russen kwamen onder Russische heerschappij. Deze Oost Europese landen waren economisch met elkaar verbonden in de Comecon en militair met elkaar verbonden in het Warchau Pact. Rusland of beter gezegd de Sovjet Unie voerde wel de boventoon in deze organisatie's. Sterker nog ze werden met harde hand in deze organisatie's gehouden door de Sovjet Unie. Dus echt vrij handelsverkeer kenden deze landen niet. Alles wat je in die landen kon kopen (als het er dan al was) was veelal van Russische makelij.
Meerdere bevolkingen van deze landen zijn hiertegen in opstand gekomen maar ze konden niet op tegen de grote broer de Sovjet Unie. Het westen durfde zich ook niet te mengen in deze Russische aangelegenheden. Bang dat er een 3e wereldoorlog door zou ontstaan.
Het rijtje van opstanden tegen de Sovjet overheersing begint met de opstand in de DDR in juni 1953. Gevolgd door de Hongaarse opstand in november 1956. In 1961 werd met goedkeuring van Moskou de Berlijnse muur gebouwd. Sovjet troepen in de DDR gelegerd werden wel achter de hand gehouden. In augustus 1968 kwam er een eind aan de Praagse lente toen troepen van het Warschau Pact het toenmalige Tsjechoslawakije binnenvielen.
In augustus 1980 capituleerde de Poolse regering voor een vrije vakbond. Iets wat tot dan toe nog niet in een Oost Europees land was vertoond. Dit alles begon met de staking van de arbeiders op de toenmalige Leninwerf in Gdansk. De arbeiders eisten van de regering erkenning van de vrije vakbond Solidarnosc. Dit alles onder leiding van de stakingsleider Lech Walesa. De gemoederen liepen destijds zo hoog op dat de Poolse regering de staat van beleg afkondigde. Ook omdat men rekening hield met een mogelijke inval van het Russische leger.
Deze inval van het Russische leger bleef ternauwernood uit. Deze Poolse crisis leidde eigenlijk de val van het communisme in Oost Europa in.
In maart 1985 trad Michail Gorbatsjov aan als secretaris generaal van de communistische partij in de Sovjet Unie. Hij introduceerde de termen "glasnost" en "perstrojka". Een jaar later moesten de Russen wel openheid van zaken geven toen de kernramp in Tsjernobyl plaatsvond. Ze moesten toen wel westerse stralingsdeskundigen e.d. toelaten tot het rampgebied wat deze mensen en het benodigde materieel hadden ze zelf niet.
De glasnost en perestrojka gold overigens niet alleen voor de Sovjet Unie. Gorbatsjov vond dat de overige Oostbloklanden ook moesten hervormen. Polen liep hier in sinds 1980 al voorop. In de zomer van 1989 besloot Hongarije om de grens met Oostenrijk te openen. Tot ieders verbazing greep de Sovjet Unie niet in. Het gebeurde zelfs met goedkeuring van Gorbatsjov. Toen kwam alles in een stroomversnelling. Onder grote druk van haar eigen bevolking opende de DDR haar grenzen. Dit betekende dus de val van de Berlijnse muur. Het éne na het andere communistische land zwichtte voor deze hervormingen en schreven vrije verkiezingen uit. In Roemenië ging het er iets minder vreedzaam aan toe. De toenmalige Roemeense president en dictator Nicolae Ceausescu was niet van plan z'n macht zomaar op te geven. Toch moest ook hij eind 1989 het veld ruimen en eindigde voor een vuurpeleton van het Front voor Nationale Redding.
In 1990 was de eenwording van Duitsland een feit. De DDR hield op te bestaan dus maakte ze ook geen deel meer uit van de Comecon en het Warschau Pact. Het éne na het andere Oostblokland volgde dit voorbeeld en in 1990 kwam er een einde aan deze organisatie's. Als laatste in de rij was de Sovjet Unie aan de beurt. Na de staatsgreep in augustus 1991 ging het snel bergafwaarts met de Sovjet Unie. Hoewel Gorbatsjov de Sovjet republieken bij elkaar wilde houden viel het land toch uiteen en kwam er op 25 december 1991 een einde aan de Sovjet Unie.
- Harro
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- symen
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Eh geen idee.
Het gaat over een SAS team die in Irak glazvezel kabels moeten vernietigen zodat er geen communicatie meer is, en ze moeten ook SCUDS vernietigen. Maar die missie loopt helemaal fout en er worden van de 8 SAS leden die in dat team zaten 4 dood geschoten en 3 gevangengenomen en een overleeft het na 300 km lopen naar de grens van Syrië.
Het gaat over een SAS team die in Irak glazvezel kabels moeten vernietigen zodat er geen communicatie meer is, en ze moeten ook SCUDS vernietigen. Maar die missie loopt helemaal fout en er worden van de 8 SAS leden die in dat team zaten 4 dood geschoten en 3 gevangengenomen en een overleeft het na 300 km lopen naar de grens van Syrië.
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Re: Omwenteling in Oost Europa
De Koude Oorlog heeft sterke wortels van voor WO-II. De aversie tegen de Sovjet-Unie was een belangrijke motivatie voor Chamberlain's appeasementpolitiek.asjemenou schreef: Eigenlijk begint de koude oorlog al direct na 1945.
Het rijtje van opstanden tegen de Sovjet overheersing begint met de opstand in de DDR in juni 1953.
Het rijtje opstanden begint ook al eerder. Zowel in de Baltische landen als in de Oekraïne waren er vanaf 1944, toen de Duitsers weg waren, nog nationalistische verzetsbewegingen actief. Deze hebben het enkele jaren (tot 1951 of zo) weten vol te houden.
- Zhukov
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Re: Omwenteling in Oost Europa
Inderdaad, je zou kunnen zeggen dat de Koude Oorlog is gestart in 1918, toen met de Oktober Revolutie de weg voor het ontstaan van de Sovjet Unie als eerste Communistische staat ter wereld werd vrij gemaakt. Dat is het feitelijke begin geweest van de terughoudende benadering van Rusland door het westen, wat de rest van de eeuw met pieken en dalen voort duurde. In de Russische Burgeroorlog vochten zo'n beetje alle belangrijke westerse landen in Rusland tegen de Roden (en vóór eigen invloed natuurlijk), wat al aangeeft dat de angst voor het Communisme er al vroeg in zat bij veel landen.Moengoman schreef:De Koude Oorlog heeft sterke wortels van voor WO-II. De aversie tegen de Sovjet-Unie was een belangrijke motivatie voor Chamberlain's appeasementpolitiek.
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- asjemenou
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Koude oorlog
Jullie hebben helemaal gelijk jongens. Maar als men spreekt over de "Koude oorlog" dan word daar toch de naoorlogse oost-west verhouding mee bedoelt.
- Zhukov
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Re: Koude oorlog
Zeker, desalniettemin is het toch aardig om na te denken over de situatie waarin de Sovjet Unie zich gedurende de eerste helft van de vorige eeuw bevond en dit te vergelijken met de naoorlogse periode. Veel landen hadden reeds lang voor WOII hun standpunt ten opzichte van de Sovjet Unie bepaald, een eventueel bondgenootschap tijdens de oorlog was meer in het kader van 'the enemy of my enemy if my friend'. In die hoedanigheid is het denk ik belangrijk dat mensen met betrekking tot de Koude Oorlog verder terug kijken dan eind jaren '40.asjemenou schreef:Jullie hebben helemaal gelijk jongens. Maar als men spreekt over de "Koude oorlog" dan word daar toch de naoorlogse oost-west verhouding mee bedoelt.

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- Mike.H
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Re: Koude oorlog
Ja en Churchill was al nooit een 'fan' geweest van het communisme als ik me niet vergis..Zhukov schreef:Zeker, desalniettemin is het toch aardig om na te denken over de situatie waarin de Sovjet Unie zich gedurende de eerste helft van de vorige eeuw bevond en dit te vergelijken met de naoorlogse periode. Veel landen hadden reeds lang voor WOII hun standpunt ten opzichte van de Sovjet Unie bepaald, een eventueel bondgenootschap tijdens de oorlog was meer in het kader van 'the enemy of my enemy is my friend'. In die hoedanigheid is het denk ik belangrijk dat mensen met betrekking tot de Koude Oorlog verder terug kijken dan eind jaren '40.asjemenou schreef:Jullie hebben helemaal gelijk jongens. Maar als men spreekt over de "Koude oorlog" dan word daar toch de naoorlogse oost-west verhouding mee bedoelt.
Go, tell the Spartans, stranger passing by,
That here, obedient to their laws, dead we lie. —
King Leonidas at Thermopylae
That here, obedient to their laws, dead we lie. —
King Leonidas at Thermopylae